What is Jaundice?
Jaundice is a medical condition that causes a yellowing of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. It results from an accumulation of bilirubin, a yellow pigment produced during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. When bilirubin builds up in the blood and is not adequately removed by the liver, jaundice occurs.
Symptoms of Jaundice
Jaundice symptoms can vary based on the underlying cause but generally include:- Yellowing of Skin and Eyes: A distinct yellow hue on the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes.
- Dark Urine: Even without dehydration, urine may appear dark yellow or brown.
- Pale Stool: Light-colored or clay-colored stools.
- Itchiness: Generalized itching across the skin.
- Fatigue: Persistent tiredness or a lack of energy.
- Pain: Particularly discomfort in the upper-right region of the abdomen.
Causes of Jaundice
Jaundice is usually related to liver, gallbladder, or red blood cell conditions, with causes falling into three main categories:
Pre-Hepatic (Before the Liver):
Hemolytic Anemia: Rapid breakdown of red blood cells.
Genetic Disorders: Conditions like sickle cell anemia or spherocytosis.
Hepatic (Within the Liver):
Hepatitis: Liver inflammation, often viral.
Liver Cirrhosis: Scarring from long-term liver damage.
Genetic Liver Disorders: Such as Gilbert’s syndrome.
Liver Cancer: Tumors affecting liver function.
Post-Hepatic (After the Liver):
Gallstones: Stones blocking bile flow.
Pancreatic Cancer: Tumors pressing on bile ducts.
Bile Duct Obstruction: Narrowing or blockage of the ducts.
Diagnosis of Jaundice
To diagnose jaundice, medical professionals typically perform:- Blood Tests: To measure bilirubin levels and liver function.
- Imaging Tests: Ultrasounds, CT scans, or MRIs to view liver and bile duct structure.
- Liver Biopsy: A sample may be taken if liver disease is suspected.
Treatment Options for Jaundice
Treatment depends on the underlying cause:- Lifestyle Changes: Dietary adjustments, reducing alcohol intake, and avoiding medications that stress the liver.
- Medications: Anti-inflammatory or antiviral drugs for hepatitis; antibiotics for infections.
- Surgery: If gallstones or tumors block bile flow.
- Supportive Care: Fluids, bed rest, and supplements for viral hepatitis cases.
Immediate medical help is recommended if jaundice appears suddenly, especially if accompanied by severe abdominal pain, fever, or blood in vomit or stool.